Bias and Hate Crimes - 1488 Words

Given that our society has such a dense population of different races, ethnicities, religions and sexual orientations, it is important to understand both the goals and challenges of policing and dealing with hate and bias crimes. Considering that since the beginning stages of immigration we have tried to support successful assimilation, hate and bias crimes create a huge barrier. Hate and bias crimes â€Å"occur when a perpetrator targets a victim because of his or her membership in a certain social group, usually defined by race, religion, sexual orientation, disability, ethnicity, nationality, age, gender, gender identity, or political affiliation† (en.wikipedia.org). Not only is it difficult for our society to identify this sort of crime,†¦show more content†¦Still, while this might be a helpful step, it is still tough to define, identify and fairly deal with bias crimes on a case-by-case basis. There is still no clearly-defined code given to officers concerning how to deal with hate and bias crimes, and because every situation is different and deserves individual attention, police officers are given a certain amount of discretion. Although this may seem to be the most rational way of dealing with hate and bias crimes, it puts a large amount of pressure on officers. The ambiguities of bias are also a cause for concern among police officers themselves; when investigating any crime, law enforcement must use extreme caution in order to ensure that non-biased profiling techniques are used. Racial profiling is a form of bias-based profiling, and is defined as â€Å"the inclusion of racial or ethnic characteristics in determining whether a person is considered likely to commit a particular type of crime or an illegal act† (en.wikipedia.org). One of the biggest issues that police officers face is the challenge of not being accused of being biased themselves. They have to take information from suspects, victims and witnesses in order to properly investigate, yet refrain from having or giving the impression of any sort of bias. As for what sort of bias and hate crimes typically occur in the US, several studies have found that of all theShow MoreRelatedPsychology Of Hate Crime Offenders1564 Words   |  7 Pages Psychology of Hate Crime Offenders Melissa K. Mark University of Phoenix September 2015 â€Æ' Abstract This study investigated data regarding criminal offenses categorized as hate crimes that â€Å"are motivated, in whole or in part, by the offender s bias against a race, religion, sexual orientation, ethnicity/national origin, or disability and are committed against persons, property, or society†, (Hall 2013) with a speculative focus upon the psychological typology of the offender. FindingsRead MorePsychological Effects Of Hate Crimes1335 Words   |  6 PagesMany issues impacted by hate crimes can be informed by psychological research. For example, are hate crimes more harmful than other kinds of crime? Why do people commit hate crimes? What can be done to prevent or lessen the impact of hate and bias-motivated crimes? Social scientific research is beginning to yield information on the nature of crimes committed because of real or perceived differences in race, religion, ethnicity or national origin, sexual orientation, disability, or gender. CurrentRead MoreHate Crime Essay 1660 Words   |  7 PagesThe term hate crime developed in the early 1980s by reporters and government officials such as John Conyers and Mario Biaggi. Even though the interest of hate crimes has increased in recent developments, it has deep historic roots that dates back into time. Statistics of U.S. history has shown that assaults, murders, and acts of vandalism has stemmed from hatred. The first hate crime victims were Native Americans and since then almost all U.S. immigrants have been exposed to violence, discriminationRead MoreEssay about Hate Crime Victimization1642 Words   |  7 Pagesof murders, assaults, and acts of vandalism and desecration were fueled by bigotry† (Karmen, 2013, p. 350). Hate crime victimization is a very prevalent and serious issue that exists amongst our society today that is often used to demonstrate a form of hate towards a particular group of people; primarily minority groups. â€Å"Although each state employs a different definition of ha te crime, most statutes include groups singled out on the basis of race (such as African Americans or Asian Americans)Read MoreHate Crimes on the Rise in USA780 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Hate Crimes in the United States In many cities throughout the United States, hate crimes are on the rise. A hate crime is a traditional offense like murder, arson, or vandalism with an added element of bias. For the purposes of collecting statistics, Congress has  defined a  hate  crime  as a criminal offense against a person or property motivated in whole or in part by an offenders bias against a race, religion, disability, ethnic origin or sexual orientation (FBI, 2012). Hate crimes have increasedRead MoreThe Fight Against Hate1268 Words   |  6 Pagesfreezing weather because he was gay. These two attacks sent outrage throughout the country and inspired tougher punishments against hate crimes. (A hate crime is any crime that is committed due to a bias towards a particular group of people.) Currently, forty states and the District of Columbia have passed hate crime laws. Those laws ban any crime connected to bias based on gender, race, origin, sexual orientation, disability, or religion. Only nineteen of those states, however, have laws that includeRead MoreHate Crimes And The Response Of Law Enforcement Officers Essay1370 Words   |  6 PagesThe phrase â€Å"Hate Crime† rose to prominence in the 1980s, in an attempt to describe crimes against someone based on their race or religion. These crimes were motivated, at least in part and sometimes in entirety, by bias against African Americans and Jews. Since that time, the term has expanded to include illegal acts against a person, organization, and their property based on the criminal’s bias against the victim’s minority class. These minority classes include race and ethnicity, sexual orientationRead MoreHate Crime : Hate Crimes1454 Words   |  6 PagesHate Crimes Hate crimes, two small words with a very big meaning. Hate crimes are happening everywhere, some hit the news, some go into newspapers and others don’t even make it to the point of any social awareness at all. Hate crimes are a targeted attack, one that should not be taken lightly. While hate crime laws infringe on free speech rights, acts of hate should be criminalized because groups of hate crimes have had a huge impact on social behavior for a long period of time, hate crimes victimizeRead More Hate Crime Laws Essay1378 Words   |  6 Pageshorrific crimes should be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. That is why I strongly support hate crime laws. Now, before I dive into this very controversial subject, I should probably define what hate crime laws are so you will have a better understanding of what I am talking about. As I have understood it, hate crime laws are laws that protect certain minorities or groups from bias motivated violence and harassment, and also more harshly punish people that commit these crimes againstRead MoreEssay on Hate Crimes Against Gays and Lesbians1379 Words   |  6 PagesHate Crimes Against Gays and Lesbians LaReese Nixon Kaplan University CJ490: Research Methods in Criminal Justice Prof: Deborah Barrett August 7, 2012 Abstract Introduction Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender persons frequently face violence motivated by their sexuality or gender identity. Violence may be executed by the state, as in laws prescribing corporal punishment for homosexual acts, or by individuals engaging in intimidation, mobbing, assault, or lynching. Violence targeted

Fracking is considered one of the most controversial...

Fracking is considered one of the most controversial methods of obtaining Earth’s natural gases. It is also known as hydraulic fracturing, which is drilling and introducing fluid (mostly water) into the ground to get certain rocks to produce natural gases. Fracking could cause devastating effects to the environment. According to the article â€Å"Hydraulic Fracturing 101† on the web-site earthworks.com, fracking can not only use up a lot of water, but it can also contaminate groundwater. Two to ten million gallons of water can be used to fracture a single well. Also the water used to fracture has many additives, such as hydrochloric acid, that can prove deadly to those who come in contact with them. In â€Å"Hydraulic Fracturing 101† it stated that†¦show more content†¦After the fracturing process is over, GasFrac is able to recover one hundred percent of it’s fracturing components, un-like conventional fracturing which can leave up to 80% of ità ¢â‚¬â„¢s fracturing liquids in the ground, which causes pollution and extensive cleanup. Also it takes much less space to store LPG, which decreases the amount of trucks needed to transport it compared to conventional fracking. As you can see, there are more positive factors to LPG vs. conventional fracking liquids than being water-less. But how does water-less fracking work? GasFrac.com stats that the GasFrac system is completely closed, pressurized well, that doesn’t allow any exposure to the air around it. Due to this there is no vapor build-up, or air pollution. The injection process uses LPG combined in a mixer with sand, which stimulates the release of gas from the rocks in the ground below the GasFrac system. After the process is done, all the fracturing fluids, and natural gases are efficiently recovered, leaving less of a footprint in the environment and reducing cleanup. The process itself is also much more efficient than fracking with water, getting a greater uptake in less time. The system itself is controlled completely by computers. The personnel doesn’t even have to be near the GasFrac system while its fracking, which means greater workers safety. Monitors are constantly examining the work-site searching for any sort of gas build-up, or LPG release into the

Simplification Taxpayer Compliance Costs - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Personal and Simplification Taxpayer Compliance Costs. Answer: Introduction: In order to reconcile the financial accounting with the tax accounting it is necessary to add back the non-tax income and provide deduction or adjustment for taxation items. Accounting depreciation $ 55,351.00 Provision for annual leave $ 19,752.00 Provision for wastage of food $ 13,578.00 Excess wages over normal wages $ 19,080.00 Repair that should be capitalized $ 16,600.00 Bad debt $ 2,985.00 Total $ 127,346.00 The accounting depreciation is not allowed as deduction as and the depreciation amount that is allowable under tax should be allowed as deduction. The provisions are not tax-deductible expenditure. The wages that is paid in excess of the general market condition is not allowed as deduction for the purpose of tax. The cash basis of accounting is followed so bad debt is not allowed as deduction. Calculation of Taxable income Particulars Amount Net Profit As per Accounts $ 274,999.00 Tax Expenses $ 810,053.00 Profit before Tax $ 1,085,052.00 Add: Accounting depreciation $ 55,351.00 Provision for annual leave $ 19,752.00 Provision for wastage of food $ 13,578.00 Excess wages over normal wages $ 19,080.00 Repair that should be capitalized $ 16,600.00 Bad debt $ 2,985.00 Total $ 127,346.00 Add: Franking credit $ 8,744.00 Dividend withheld $ 2,000.00 Less: Depreciation $ 60,000.00 Taxable Profit $ 1,163,142.00 Reference James, S., Sawyer, A. and Wallschutzky, I., 2015. Tax simplification: A review of initiatives in Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom.eJournal of Tax Research,13(1), p.280. Tran-Nam, B., Evans, C. and Lignier, P., 2014. Personal taxpayer compliance costs: Recent evidence from Australia.Austl. Tax F.,29, p.137.

Schizophrenia An Informative View

Table of Contents Introduction Definition Causes Handling the situation Effects on Family and society Conclusion Reference List Introduction The brain is undoubtedly one of the most important parts as it is designed to process information and signals projected by the surrounding environment and relay an adequate response to the same throughout the entire body. The brain controls every single muscle of the body whether in an activity as significant as running a marathon or as minute as a twitch.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Schizophrenia: An Informative View specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The brain’s intricate design and the complexity of its operations is something that scientists in general and psychologists in particular find fascinating as each new discovery regarding the functioning of the brain leads to a better understanding of how each part of the body works and most importantly, how to fix it when it stops working either entirely or partially. However, just like various parts of the body experience difficulty in the performance of their normal functions sometimes, some factors, both internal (within the body) and external, can lead to a disruption of some of the brain’s functions and in severe cases the brain can stop working altogether. Sometimes, signs and symptoms of such disruptions appear on parts of the body such as the legs causing a lack of mobility or the eyes causing visual disability, while in some cases, they are evident in the behavioral aspect of the person suffering from the disruption. There are various behavioral disorders caused by the disruption of the brain’s functions including, but not limited to, the bipolar disorder, autism, schizophrenia, and Tourette’s syndrome. Most people may not be aware of these disorders and may base their knowledge of the disorders on depictions of the same in movies and literary works that often e xaggerate the severity of the symptoms for entertainment purposes. For instance, some writers use their knowledge to write films about possession and people who have the superhuman ability to see things that other people cannot see. In such movies, hallucinations are seen as being good elements and enviable.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This paper looks into schizophrenia, which is caused by various factors either jointly or independently. It discusses the symptoms of the disorder, the cause, and the impact it has on both the individual suffering from it and the people surrounding the victim, both within and outside the family unit. Definition The word schizophrenia is derived from two Greek words, viz. â€Å"skhein, which translated means ‘to split’ and phrein, which translates to â€Å"mind† (Tandon Maj, 2008, p. 23). Although this etymologizing is mi stakenly understood to mean that it is a â€Å"split-personality† disorder by many people, schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder characterized mainly by bizarre delusions, hallucinations, and emotional dissociation. Unlike in other mental disorders such as Tourette’s syndrome and autism where the victims are aware of their actions, individuals with schizophrenia are clueless as to whether they suffer from symptoms of the disorder. Being a disorder that occurs as a combination of various other disorders, schizophrenia is defined through its characteristic elements. Tandon and Maj (2008), define schizophrenia as, â€Å"A mental illness in which a person is unable to link her or his thoughts and feelings to real life, suffers from delusions and withdraws increasingly form social relationships into a life of the imaginations† (p.23). The American Psychiatric Association has set out a criterion for the determination of the disorder. According to the manual, in orde r to be diagnosed with the disorder, a person must have: Two (or more) of the following, each present for the significant portion of the time during a one-month period: (1) delusions, (2) hallucinations, (3) disorganized speech, (4) grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior, (5) symptoms such as flat affect ( i.e. showing no emotion), or inability to engage in goal-directed behavior Social/ occupational dysfunction: one or more major areas of functioning (e.g. work, relationship, and self-care) are markedly lower than when the symptoms began. Duration: – continuous signs of the disturbance for at least six months including at least one month of active symptoms. Symptoms are not due to another disorder (e.g. major depressive disorder, autism), and are not due to substance use or a medical condition (American Psychiatric Association, 2000, p.308). Causes Given that different people suffering from the disorder bare unique symptoms from one another coupled with the variation o f the symptoms that each of the individuals encounters with the progression of the disorder, a diagnosis on the disorder is made based on observation of behavior and experiences reported to the psychologist concerning an individual. Schizophrenia usually affects people in their late childhood and early adulthood, and it progresses as people grow older (Marshall Rathbone, 2009). Some of the known causes of the disorder include genetic factors, environmental factors, drug, and substance abuse. Some scholars also argue that traumatic effects in a person’s life can trigger the onset of the disorder, especially in young adults with a genetic predisposition to the disorder (O’Donovan et al., 2003). Handling the situation The main course of treatment involves the use of anti-psychotic medication coupled with social rehabilitation through the attendance of individual therapy sessions as well as support groups.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Schizophren ia: An Informative View specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In cases where the disorder advances to such great lengths that the individuals pose danger to themselves and the public in general, involuntary hospitalization is the method of choice, though it is usually used as a last resort. Treatment of the disorder, as is the case with every other disease and disorder, at its earliest point of detection does go a long way in easing the recovery process. Effects on Family and society The disorder has a myriad of effects to the individual and the immediate family, as well as the public. Due to the disorder’s interference with the thought process, the majority of people with schizophrenia display some form of disorganization in the way they perform some of the normal activities such as dressing. They also suffer from disconnection in the train of thought when discussing issues, lack of long-term memory, low attention spans, poor commu nication skills, and display a lack in cognitive processes such as planning and problem solving. This aspect usually results to long-term job loss and consequently depression and irritability. Such individuals become withdrawn, thus keeping to themselves most of the time. Living with such a person within the family unit can be frustrating, as although the person suffers an inability to display affection, it does not necessarily mean that he or she does not need it (Broom et al., 2005, p.31). On the other hand, it is difficult for family members to show their affection to a person who is withdrawn and emotionally detached as it is innate to expect reciprocation when affection is given. Stigma is also common toward people with schizophrenia, mainly because of ignorance and misinformation of what the disorder entails. Family members are sometimes compelled to hide the fact that one of them suffers from the disorder for fear that most people do not know the disorder as a medical conditi on, but rather as a personality disorder associated with heinous behavior such as serial killing. Family members also may not know the proper way to explain the intricacies of the disorder, as they are hard to understand even for the family members, as the symptoms keep changing as the disorder graduates. It is hard for a person with schizophrenia to hide its symptoms because they do not think that they suffer from it. The effect of this element is that it is hard for people to associate with a person who does not readily accept help as he or she does not think it is necessary.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The victims may also take this move as negative criticism of their abilities to conduct normal activities, which leads to resentment and withdrawal. The lack of ability to conduct cognitive processes such as problem solving and planning leads to long-term job losses, which results to the financial frustration to both the individual and the family unit as the family is then tasked to provide for the person’s needs. This kind of frustration may lead to the individual contemplating and even in some cases attempting suicide. It could also lead to crimes such as murder, with the schizophrenic person justifying this action as a way of punishing people whom he or she thinks are to blame for the problems he or she faces. Emotional dissociation means that a person is unable to convey emotions, whether verbally or by any other means, and as a characteristic symptom of schizophrenia, it causes the victim to keep emotions, good or bad, bottled up inside. It is also characteristic of schi zophrenics to suffer from an inability to experience pleasure, mainly due to their paranoid delusions of persecution. The combination of these two characteristics is dangerous mainly due to the ways these individuals resort to as means of releasing the bottled up emotions. Most of them result to drug abuse and alcoholism (Perala et al., 2010) while others go to the extremes, experiencing sudden bursts of rage or extreme sorrow, which may cause them to destroy property or even commit suicide. Although prevention would go a long way in alleviating the disorder, it is not a possibility yet, for the first symptoms of the disorder are not discernible, as they resemble symptoms of normal factors such as stress. The symptoms can be singled out as specific to schizophrenia only at advanced stages. In addition, the fact that the disorder is more predominant in young adults means that it is not easy to differentiate it from normal adolescence characters (Van Os Kapur, 2009). The participatio n of family members in the rehabilitation forums and consequently the recovery process is essential to both the family and the suffering individual. It prepares the family unit mentally and physically on what to expect and what the appropriate reaction would be. It also helps them to prepare financially so that they do not undergo sudden financial strain. In addition, it aids in the acceptance process and helps them learn hoe to deal with stigma and its effects. Family members are in a position to know that they would have to make social sacrifices in order to keep the family unit strong. About the individual, family support helps to ease the issues of acceptance that surround schizophrenic individuals. Family support also gives the victims comfort in knowing that they are not dealing with the problem alone, but that the family is present to support them along the way. Although the way the family treats a schizophrenic individual is not necessarily a cause for the trigger or elevati on of the disorder, it does help in the recovery process. Family support presumably reduces resentment and anger and thus it plays a role in the reduction of chances of a relapse after recovery. Knowledge of how to deal with the condition as a family also reduces the chances of involuntary hospitalization, which in moments of paranoid schizophrenia might be interpreted by the schizophrenic individual as an act of rejection by the family, thus causing anger and resentment. Supportive work environments are also a good way of aiding in the recovery process as such environments give the victims something to concentrate on unlike in situations when they are left alone. The fact that they have the disorder does not negate their sanity and their ability, although restricted by their condition, to be productive. Conclusion Although misunderstood by most people as more of a personality disorder, schizophrenia is in fact a medical disorder that disrupts the normal functioning of the individua l affected, without the knowledge of the sufferer that he or she does indeed suffer from it. The attitude of the people surrounding the individual suffering form it plays a big role in the management and recovery of the sufferer. Particularly, family members play a critical role in helping the victims of this condition along the way, which helps one to accept the condition and live positively. Reference List American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental  Disorders. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association Press. Broom, R., Wooley, B., Tabraham, P., Johns, L., Bramon, E., Murray, G., Pariante, C., McGuire, G., Murray, M. (2005). What Causes the Onset of Psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 79(1), 23-34. Marshall, M., Rothborne, J. (2009). Early Intervention for Psychosis. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. O’Donovan, M., William, M., Owen, M., J. (2003). Recent advances in Genetics and Schizophrenia. Human Molecular Genetics, 12(2), 125-133. Perala, J., Kouppasalmi, K., Pirkola, S., Harkanen, T., Saarni, S., Tuulio-Henrikisson, A., Viertio, S., Suviisari, J. (2010). Alcohol-induced psychotic disorder and delirium in the general population. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 197, 200-06. Tandon, R., Maj, M. (2008). Nosological status and definition of schizophrenia: Some considerations for DSM-V and ICD-11. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 1(2), 22-27. Van Os, J., Kapur, S. (2009). Schizophrenia. Lancet, 374(9690), 635-645. This essay on Schizophrenia: An Informative View was written and submitted by user Karlie Tyson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.